diff --git a/server/packages/kca-app/src/kca/ocsp.py b/server/packages/kca-app/src/kca/ocsp.py
index f808f1e..2adef97 100644
--- a/server/packages/kca-app/src/kca/ocsp.py
+++ b/server/packages/kca-app/src/kca/ocsp.py
@@ -130,10 +130,11 @@ async def mark_ocsp_dirty(ca_id: UUID) -> None:
     if row is None:
         await OcspSnapshot.create(ca_id=ca_id, dirty=True)
         return
-    if not row.dirty:
-        row.dirty = True
-        row.last_error = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
-        await row.save(update_fields=["dirty", "last_error", "updated_at"])
+    # Always save, even when already dirty: updated_at is the publisher's
+    # optimistic-concurrency token for changes made during an upload.
+    row.dirty = True
+    row.last_error = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    await row.save(update_fields=["dirty", "last_error", "updated_at"])
 
 
 async def mark_all_cas_dirty(vault: Vault) -> None:
@@ -220,12 +221,23 @@ class OcspPublisherMixin(KayaMixin):
             try:
                 snapshot = await snapshot_for_ca(ca)
                 key = await publish_snapshot(ca, snapshot)
-                row.dirty = False
-                row.published_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
-                row.last_error = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
-                await row.save(
-                    update_fields=["dirty", "published_at", "last_error", "updated_at"]
+                published_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+                cleared = await OcspSnapshot.filter(
+                    ca_id=row.ca_id,
+                    dirty=True,
+                    updated_at=row.updated_at,
+                ).update(
+                    dirty=False,
+                    published_at=published_at,
+                    last_error=None,
+                    updated_at=published_at,
                 )
+                if not cleared:
+                    log.info(
+                        "OCSP snapshot changed during publication; leaving dirty ca=%s",
+                        ca.id,
+                    )
+                    continue
                 log.info("published OCSP snapshot ca=%s key=%s", ca.id, key)
             except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001 - keep retrying the same row
                 row.dirty = True
diff --git a/server/packages/kca-app/src/kca/routes/certificates.py b/server/packages/kca-app/src/kca/routes/certificates.py
index b02d2d7..f9b51d9 100644
--- a/server/packages/kca-app/src/kca/routes/certificates.py
+++ b/server/packages/kca-app/src/kca/routes/certificates.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ from ..auth import authenticated_user, require_auth
 from ..config import settings
 from ..http import JsonRequestError, read_json, send_error, send_json
 from ..models import Authority, Certificate, CertificateRevocation, Crl, Key, OcspSnapshot, Request, Template
-from ..ocsp import snapshot_for_ca
+from ..ocsp import mark_ocsp_dirty, snapshot_for_ca
 from ..openapi import error_response, json_response, schema_ref
 from ..service import (
     ValidationError,
@@ -455,6 +455,7 @@ def register(app: KayaApp, kca: "Kca") -> None:
         if not created:
             await send_error(ctx, 409, "this serial is already revoked")
             return
+        await mark_ocsp_dirty(cert.id)
         await send_json(ctx, 201, await serialize_revocation(row))
 
     @app.PATCH("/api/vaults/${vault_id}/certificates/${cert_id}/revocations/${rev_id}")
@@ -495,6 +496,7 @@ def register(app: KayaApp, kca: "Kca") -> None:
                 return
             row.reason = str(body["reason"])
         await row.save()
+        await mark_ocsp_dirty(cert.id)
         await send_json(ctx, 200, await serialize_revocation(row))
 
     @app.DELETE("/api/vaults/${vault_id}/certificates/${cert_id}/revocations/${rev_id}")
@@ -513,6 +515,7 @@ def register(app: KayaApp, kca: "Kca") -> None:
             await send_error(ctx, 404, "revocation not found")
             return
         await row.delete()
+        await mark_ocsp_dirty(cert.id)
         await ctx.send_empty(204)
 
     @app.POST("/api/vaults/${vault_id}/certificates/${cert_id}/crl")
diff --git a/server/packages/kca-app/src/kca/service.py b/server/packages/kca-app/src/kca/service.py
index 7218027..a637f94 100644
--- a/server/packages/kca-app/src/kca/service.py
+++ b/server/packages/kca-app/src/kca/service.py
@@ -972,6 +972,7 @@ async def revoke_certificate(vault: Vault, cert: Certificate, payload: Mapping[s
         raise ValidationError("the issuer has no private key")
     existing = await CertificateRevocation.get_or_none(ca_id=ca.id, serial_hex=cert.serial_hex)
     if existing is not None:
+        await mark_ocsp_dirty(ca.id)
         return existing
     revoked_at = parse_datetime(payload.get("revoked_at") or datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(), "revoked_at")
     invalidity = payload.get("invalidity_date")
diff --git a/server/tests/test_routes_extra.py b/server/tests/test_routes_extra.py
index 401ea05..46931a8 100644
--- a/server/tests/test_routes_extra.py
+++ b/server/tests/test_routes_extra.py
@@ -456,6 +456,137 @@ class OcspSnapshotTests(unittest.TestCase):
                 row = await OcspSnapshot.get(ca_id=ca["id"])
                 assert row.dirty is True
 
+    @async_test
+    async def test_existing_revocation_marks_snapshot_dirty(self) -> None:
+        from dataclasses import replace
+        from unittest.mock import patch
+
+        from kca import ocsp
+        from kca.models import OcspSnapshot
+
+        async with api_client() as client:
+            with oidc_user("alice"):
+                vault_id = await _vault(client)
+                ca_key = await _key(client, vault_id, "existing dirty ca")
+                ca = await _cert(client, vault_id, ca_key["id"], "Existing Dirty CA", ca=True)
+                leaf_key = await _key(client, vault_id, "existing dirty leaf")
+                leaf = await _cert(
+                    client, vault_id, leaf_key["id"], "Existing Dirty Leaf", signer_id=ca["id"]
+                )
+                configured = replace(ocsp.settings, ocsp_s3_bucket="test-bucket")
+                with patch.object(ocsp, "settings", configured):
+                    response = await client.post(
+                        f"/api/vaults/{vault_id}/certificates/{leaf['id']}/revoke",
+                        json={"reason": "superseded"},
+                    )
+                    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+                    await OcspSnapshot.filter(ca_id=ca["id"]).update(dirty=False)
+                    response = await client.post(
+                        f"/api/vaults/{vault_id}/certificates/{leaf['id']}/revoke",
+                        json={"reason": "superseded"},
+                    )
+                    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+                row = await OcspSnapshot.get(ca_id=ca["id"])
+                assert row.dirty is True
+
+    @async_test
+    async def test_manual_revocation_changes_mark_snapshot_dirty(self) -> None:
+        from dataclasses import replace
+        from unittest.mock import patch
+
+        from kca import ocsp
+        from kca.models import OcspSnapshot
+
+        async with api_client() as client:
+            with oidc_user("alice"):
+                vault_id = await _vault(client)
+                ca_key = await _key(client, vault_id, "manual dirty ca")
+                ca = await _cert(client, vault_id, ca_key["id"], "Manual Dirty CA", ca=True)
+                configured = replace(ocsp.settings, ocsp_s3_bucket="test-bucket")
+                with patch.object(ocsp, "settings", configured):
+                    await OcspSnapshot.create(ca_id=ca["id"], dirty=False)
+                    response = await client.post(
+                        f"/api/vaults/{vault_id}/certificates/{ca['id']}/revocations",
+                        json={"serial_hex": "1234", "reason": "keyCompromise"},
+                    )
+                    assert response.status_code == 201, response.text
+                    revocation = response.json()
+                    row = await OcspSnapshot.get(ca_id=ca["id"])
+                    assert row.dirty is True
+
+                    await OcspSnapshot.filter(ca_id=ca["id"]).update(dirty=False)
+                    response = await client.patch(
+                        f"/api/vaults/{vault_id}/certificates/{ca['id']}/revocations/{revocation['id']}",
+                        json={"reason": "superseded"},
+                    )
+                    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
+                    row = await OcspSnapshot.get(ca_id=ca["id"])
+                    assert row.dirty is True
+
+                    await OcspSnapshot.filter(ca_id=ca["id"]).update(dirty=False)
+                    response = await client.delete(
+                        f"/api/vaults/{vault_id}/certificates/{ca['id']}/revocations/{revocation['id']}"
+                    )
+                    assert response.status_code == 204, response.text
+                    row = await OcspSnapshot.get(ca_id=ca["id"])
+                    assert row.dirty is True
+
+    @async_test
+    async def test_publisher_preserves_changes_during_publication(self) -> None:
+        from dataclasses import replace
+        from unittest.mock import patch
+
+        from kca import ocsp
+        from kca.models import CertificateRevocation, OcspSnapshot
+
+        async with api_client() as client:
+            with oidc_user("alice"):
+                vault_id = await _vault(client)
+                ca_key = await _key(client, vault_id, "concurrent publish ca")
+                ca = await _cert(client, vault_id, ca_key["id"], "Concurrent Publish CA", ca=True)
+                leaf_key = await _key(client, vault_id, "concurrent publish leaf")
+                leaf = await _cert(
+                    client, vault_id, leaf_key["id"], "Concurrent Publish Leaf", signer_id=ca["id"]
+                )
+                published = []
+
+                async def fake_publish(publish_ca, snapshot):
+                    published.append(snapshot)
+                    if len(published) == 1:
+                        await CertificateRevocation.create(
+                            ca_id=publish_ca.id,
+                            serial_hex=leaf["serial_hex"],
+                            revoked_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+                            reason="keyCompromise",
+                        )
+                        await ocsp.mark_ocsp_dirty(publish_ca.id)
+                    return ocsp.object_key(str(publish_ca.id))
+
+                configured = replace(ocsp.settings, ocsp_s3_bucket="test-bucket")
+                with patch.object(ocsp, "settings", configured), patch.object(
+                    ocsp, "publish_snapshot", fake_publish
+                ):
+                    await ocsp.mark_ocsp_dirty(ca["id"])
+
+                    async def ensure_context():
+                        return None
+
+                    mixin = ocsp.OcspPublisherMixin(1, ensure_context)
+                    await mixin.run_once()
+                    row = await OcspSnapshot.get(ca_id=ca["id"])
+                    assert row.dirty is True
+                    await mixin.run_once()
+
+                assert len(published) == 2
+                first_entries = {entry["serial_hex"]: entry for entry in published[0]["entries"]}
+                second_entries = {entry["serial_hex"]: entry for entry in published[1]["entries"]}
+                serial = leaf["serial_hex"].lower()
+                assert first_entries[serial]["status"] == "valid"
+                assert second_entries[serial]["status"] == "revoked"
+                assert second_entries[serial]["reason"] == "keyCompromise"
+                row = await OcspSnapshot.get(ca_id=ca["id"])
+                assert row.dirty is False
+
     @async_test
     async def test_publisher_marks_dirty_and_uploads(self) -> None:
         from dataclasses import replace